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On December 18, 2025, Novo Nordisk submitted a New Drug Application to the FDA, with review expected in 2026

Changes in both gross clinical exam and microscopic structure of cartilage in the affected joints indicates that AOD9604 is effective in treating the root cause of osteoarthritis and may work as both a treatment and preventative

In relation to the gut-liver axis, betaine administration upregulates anti-oxidant defense system and prevents the ethanol-induced increases in serum endotoxin, alanine aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase levels (ALT) and liver inflammatory factors, including TNF- , IFN-, interleukin (IL)-18, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) (187, 188)

It has sparked fear among the parents and even kids