Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a pervasive worldwide epidemic, with global numbers of people affected reaching 476 million, of which 463 million have type 2 diabetes, and an increasing annual growth trend.1 Pharmacological treatments such as thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, and insulins have major drawbacks, including hypoglycaemia and weight gain.23 Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are two novel drug classes that have attracted widespread attention for their cardiovascular and renal benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes.456 These drug classes have become attractive options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in the development of GLP-1RAs, which have been advancing rapidly with important breakthroughs alongside the continuous development of new drugs in recent years.789 GLP-1RAs attain glycaemic control through mechanisms such as increasing insulin secretion induced by hyperglycaemia, inhibiting glucagon secretion during hyperglycaemia, slowing gastric emptying, preventing substantial increases in postprandial glucose, and reducing caloric intake and body weight.10111213 Short acting GLP-1RAs (exenatide and lixisenatide) reduce the effect of nocturnal and fasting glucose but maintain the effect on gastric emptying during long term treatment
However, research has not confirmed they are safe or effective for this purpose
Different forms of somatostatin, including the mammalian homolog, cortistatin, have been identified in vertebrates (81)
Can Ozempic cause depression or anxiety
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