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Non-Genetic Risk Factors of Birth Defects A number of personal practices and environmental factors have been identified as risk factors of birth defects: Lifestyle habits and behaviors Medications Some thyroid medications, certain antibiotics, high amounts of vitamin A, and others Exposure to chemicals Mercury, lead, pesticides, and insecticides Infections during pregnancy Untreated or newly acquired sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), rubella, chickenpox, toxoplasmosis, and listeriosis Conditions before pregnancy Obesity, diabetes, seizure disorders, and high blood pressure Advanced maternal age Being pregnant at 35 or older Types of Birth Defects There are two types of birth defects : structural and functional/developmental

Knowledge regarding the cardiovascular consequences of smoking is limited

Prominent producers maintain profitability by using premium pricing tactics to develop new products and expand into less hazardous and smoke-free options

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